Mechanics!
Also known as Newtonian mechanics, because Isaac Newton pretty much invented them (and the calculus to go with it)!
Classical mechanics is valid for everyday, macroscopic sizes and speeds on a human scale. It breaks down only in the very small (quantum) and very fast (relativistic) realms.
There are several online courses and useful books on classical mechanics.
The MIT course is archived, both on the MIT Open Courseware website, and on edX. They provide a nice, guided introduction.
